The short answer: a septic system inspection is a trained inspector's check of the tank, the pipes and the drainfield to see whether the system still treats the household's wastewater without backing up, leaking or surfacing. In most of the country it is something the buyer chooses to order. In some places it is the law: the table above lists every state where our census confirmed a statewide or local rule, and the rules below explain what those laws actually make the seller or buyer do, by when, and what happens if the system fails.
Across the official sources we read, the WaterListed census of official rules, checked November 9 and 13, 2026 counted 116 rules in 22 states: 13 statewide rules (9 for septic systems, 4 for well-water tests) and 103 local ones. The census also lists three states, Wisconsin, Indiana and Florida, whose law bars or limits local point-of-sale rules. This is general information, not legal advice: the ordinance and the health department decide, so ask them, or a real-estate attorney, before you list, sign or close.
What a septic inspection is checking
EPA describes the typical septic system as a septic tank plus a drainfield. The tank is a buried, watertight container whose "job is to hold the wastewater long enough to allow solids to settle down to the bottom forming sludge, while the oil and grease floats to the top as scum." Compartments and a T-shaped outlet keep the sludge and scum in the tank. The liquid (effluent) then flows to the drainfield, "a shallow, covered, excavation made in unsaturated soil," where the soil "accepts, treats, and disperses wastewater as it percolates through the soil." If the drainfield gets more liquid than it can take, EPA says it can flood, "causing sewage to flow to the ground surface or create backups in toilets and sinks" (EPA).
So an inspection has two halves: is the tank holding solids back, and can the soil still take the liquid? More than one in five U.S. households depend on septic or small cluster systems, EPA says (EPA).
| Part | What the inspector looks at | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| Records | Permit, as-built (record) drawing, past inspection and pumping reports | Washington's rule makes "a review of the record drawing and related documents, if they exist" part of every transfer inspection |
| Lids, risers, access | Can each tank be opened; are lids safe and intact | Listed separately in Washington's minimum inspection content |
| Septic tank | Baffles, effluent filter, liquid level, scum and sludge depth, watertightness, cracks, structural condition | Baffles and the outlet keep solids out of the drainfield; Penn State lists low liquid levels in a tank as a reason for further testing |
| Scum and sludge layers | Depth measured against the outlet | EPA: pump if the bottom of the scum is within 6 inches of the outlet, the top of the sludge within 12 inches, or sludge and scum exceed 25 percent of the liquid depth |
| Distribution box and pipes | Level, blocked or broken pipes, even flow | MassDEP lists an uneven distribution box among the parts that can be fixed under a conditional pass |
| Drainfield (soil absorption area) | Wet spots, surfacing effluent, ponding in trenches or chambers, the reserve area | MassDEP says soil absorption systems and cesspools "cannot be repaired under a conditional pass" |
| Pumps, alarms, treatment units | Float switches, alarms, dosing pumps, maintenance contracts | EPA says systems with these parts should generally be inspected once a year |
Sources: WAC 246-272A-0260(5); EPA, How to Care for Your Septic System; MassDEP (distribution box, conditional pass).
What a septic inspection entails, step by step
The protocol depends on who sets it: a state form, a county regulation or a standard written into the purchase contract. These steps are common to the texts we read.
- Records and locating. The inspector pulls the permit and any drawing, then finds the tank and the field. Macomb County, Michigan, asks sellers to stake the septic tank and the four corners of the septic field, "especially necessary if there are no records" (Macomb County Health Department). (Where to find septic records.)
- Opening and pumping the tank. Several sale rules require the tank to be pumped as part of the inspection. Iowa's statute says that at the time of inspection the tank "shall be opened and have the contents pumped out," unless the owner has proof of a licensed pump-out within the previous three years that records the tank's size and condition (Iowa Code 455B.172(11)(b)). Delaware requires the system to be "pumped out and inspected" by a licensed hauler and a licensed inspector before the sale closes. Macomb County requires the tank to be pumped with the evaluator on site and warns sellers not to pump it in the 30 days before.
- Measuring and examining the tank. Scum and sludge depth, baffles, filter, liquid level, cracks and watertightness. New Mexico's transfer evaluation must determine whether the tank "is watertight, is functioning properly" and has a liquid capacity within one tank size of what the code requires today (20.7.3.902(F) NMAC).
- Checking the distribution box and drainfield. Washington's rule asks the inspector to check the system and the reserve area "for any indicators of OSS failure," and New Mexico's evaluation asks whether the disposal system "appears to be functioning properly" and meets setbacks. Penn State gives "wastewater ponding in the drainfield or gravelless chambers" as one sign the field is not absorbing effluent.
- A hydraulic load test, where the protocol calls for one. This is a test of whether the drainfield can handle "the wastewater the home is expected to generate each day." Penn State Extension, describing the standardized real-estate inspection used in Pennsylvania, says the test "is typically needed" when normal flow can't be confirmed, for example "when the home has been vacant for more than one week, the septic tank was pumped less than 30 days before the inspection, the home is only used seasonally," or when the drainfield shows signs of not absorbing effluent (Penn State Extension). Not every rule uses one: New Mexico's evaluation of a conventional system is "non-invasive," and Macomb County lets a house vacant for more than 10 days postpone the evaluation until after 30 days of full-time occupancy.
- The report. Under most sale rules, the report goes on the official form and to the health department, not just to the client. MassDEP requires its own form, filed within 30 days of the inspection, with a copy to the buyer. Delaware's forms go to the state within 72 hours. New Mexico's evaluator sends every report to the department within 15 days, "whether completed or not."
How long does a septic inspection take?
The visit itself is measured in hours. The Town of Conway, Massachusetts, tells sellers a Title 5 inspection "normally takes 1 – 2 hours and usually involves pumping the septic tank" (Town of Conway). Paperwork adds days: Pueblo County, Colorado, says it aims to process transfer-of-title applications and certified inspections "within 3-5 business days of a request" (Pueblo County), and Macomb County wants the report filed at least five days before closing.
A buyer's inspection vs. a required point-of-sale inspection
The same visit can serve two different purposes.
| Item | Buyer's voluntary inspection | Required point-of-sale (time-of-transfer) inspection |
|---|---|---|
| Why it happens | A contingency clause in the purchase contract | A state law, county ordinance or health-district regulation |
| Who usually orders it | The buyer | Whoever the rule names: often the seller or owner, sometimes the buyer (Maine and New Hampshire waterfront rules) |
| Who may do it | Anyone the buyer hires; a certified inspector is wise | Only an inspector the state or county has certified, licensed or registered |
| Form and filing | Inspector's own report, to the client | Usually an official form, filed with the health department within a set time |
| If it fails | Renegotiate, ask for repairs, or walk away under the contingency | The rule sets a repair deadline, and some require money in escrow before the sale can close |
| Validity | Whatever the parties accept | Fixed by the rule: from 180 days to 3 years in the statewide rules below |
Penn State Extension draws the same line for Pennsylvania: the standardized real-estate inspection it describes is not "associated, certified, or endorsed by the Commonwealth," and it is not a warranty. MassDEP says the same of the required Title 5 inspection: it "does not guarantee that the system will continue to function adequately." Either way, it is a snapshot of one day.
The statewide septic rules compared
Nine states have a statewide septic rule tied to a sale in our census. Five apply to almost every home with a septic system (Arizona, Iowa, Massachusetts, Delaware and New Mexico), one starts in 2027 (Washington), two cover only shoreland or waterfront property (Maine and New Hampshire) and one targets cesspools (Rhode Island). We read each cell below on the official text; where the text is silent, we say so.
| State | What is required | Deadline | Report valid for | Who arranges / pays | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iowa | Inspection by a DNR-certified inspector, tank pumped (or pumped by a licensed cleaner within 3 years), for property with 1 to 4 dwelling units | Before any transfer; the recorder will not record the deed without the report or a buyer's binding acknowledgment when weather prevents it | 2 years, for any transfers in that period | Not named in the statute; repairs by the seller or, by agreement, the buyer | Iowa Code 455B.172(11) |
| Massachusetts | Title 5 inspection by a MassDEP-approved inspector on the MassDEP form | Within 2 years before the sale; up to 6 months after if weather prevents it and the seller tells the buyer in writing | 2 years; 3 years if pumped every year with records | The owner arranges it; buyer and seller may switch this in writing | 310 CMR 15.301 (Title 5) |
| Delaware | Pump-out by a Class F licensee and inspection by a Class H licensee; forms to the state within 72 hours | Before the sale is completed; up to 90 days after for sheriff sales, auctions, short sales and cash sales | An inspection and pump-out in the previous 36 months suffices (not for cesspools or seepage pits); proof of a licensed operator or a service contract with a certified service provider also meets the requirement | "The persons" (not otherwise named) | 7 Del. Admin. Code 7101, 3.31.13 |
| Arizona | Transfer of ownership inspection by a qualified inspector on a state form; the report goes to the buyer, who files a Notice of Transfer within 15 days | Before the transfer | The inspection must be done within six months before the transfer | The person transferring the property retains the inspector; who pays is not stated | A.A.C. R18-9-A316 |
| New Mexico | Evaluation by a qualified evaluator on the department form; report to the buyer | Before transfer | Not needed if a final inspection or transfer evaluation was done within 180 days of the transfer | The transferor (seller) | 20.7.3.902(E)-(J) NMAC |
| Washington | Inspection by a third-party inspector authorized by the local health officer; records and seller disclosure to the buyer | At property transfer, beginning February 1, 2027 | Not stated in the state rule; the local health officer may drop the requirement if it has evidence the system is current on the routine inspections the rule requires and was inspected by a third-party inspector the local health officer authorizes | The system owner | WAC 246-272A-0270(1)(k) |
| Maine (shoreland only) | Seller's written statement on any malfunction in the past 180 days; inspection by a department-certified inspector | Before purchase; within 9 months after if weather prevents it | A seller's certified inspection report from within 3 years is accepted | The buyer has it done | 30-A M.R.S. 4216 |
| New Hampshire (developed waterfront, any part of the system within 250 ft of the reference line) | Evaluation by a state-licensed septic system evaluator; older or unapproved systems also need a designer's water-table check | Before transfer | A seller's evaluation completed within 180 days of transfer may be accepted in writing | The buyer, "at the buyer's expense" | RSA 485-A:39 |
| Rhode Island (cesspools) | Cesspool replaced with a septic system or sewer connection; if the system type is unknown, an inspection to find out | Replacement within 12 months after the sale; the unknown-system inspection before it | Not applicable | Not stated; contracts for property that is or may be served by a cesspool must give buyers a 10-day inspection period unless the parties agree otherwise | R.I. Gen. Laws 23-19.15-12 |
Each cell read on the official text on November 9, 2026, Arizona's on November 13, 2026 (Internet Archive copies of the official pages for Arizona, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Rhode Island, whose sites block us; Delaware as published at 17 DE Reg. 752). Links in the sources list.
Four more statewide rules require a well-water test, not a septic inspection, when a house with a private well is sold: New Jersey, Oregon, Maryland (since October 1, 2024, the buyer must have the well tested unless they waive it in writing) and Rhode Island. Our guide to how to test well water explains the sampling. A certified lab is listed in our lab finder.
Local rules: where most of the action is
Outside those states, a sale inspection is a county, health-district or township decision. In our census, Minnesota leads by far: the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency's 2025 annual report says "142 (77 %)" of the 185 local programs that reported "require compliance inspections for property transfers," including 59 counties, 53 cities and 27 townships, while "there is currently no state-level requirement" (MPCA, April 2026). Michigan has 11 confirmed local rules, Colorado 10, Washington 6 local ones on top of the coming state rule, and New York and Ohio 5 each (WaterListed census of official rules, checked November 9 and 13, 2026). See the Minnesota, Michigan, Colorado, New York and Ohio pages for the county list. Our census is not complete (Pennsylvania townships and many New Jersey, Connecticut, Ohio and Michigan local codes could not be checked), so a state with no listed rule can still have a town that has one.
Where state law says no
Three states go the other way, so a county page that still describes a sale inspection may be out of date.
- Florida: "An inspection of a system may not be mandated by a governmental entity at the point of sale in a real estate transaction" (Fla. Stat. 381.0065(4)(x), 2026 Florida Statutes). A buyer can still order one.
- Wisconsin: Wis. Stat. 706.22 says no local governmental unit may require an owner to take actions with the property, which the statute defines to include "having an inspection made" by the local unit's employee, agent or contractor, before, at or after a sale, refinancing or transfer of title, with exceptions set out in the statute.
- Indiana: the table above lists Indiana among the states whose law limits local rules; the Indiana page summarizes the state health department's notice and gives the statute citations. The census still counts one Indiana rule, St. Joseph County's narrower 2024 rule, as the county publishes it.
Who orders the inspection and who pays
Most official texts say less than people expect. Of the statewide septic rules, only New Hampshire's statute says who pays: the buyer, "at the buyer's expense." Arizona puts it on "the person who is transferring a property," New Mexico on "the transferor of the property," Massachusetts on "the property owner or operator" (changeable in writing), Washington on the system owner, and Maine on the person purchasing. Iowa's statute doesn't name who orders the inspection, but it does say who fixes a failure: the seller or, "by agreement," the buyer. Where a rule names the seller, the cost can still be shifted in the purchase contract; ask your agent or attorney.
Our census found who pays stated in only 17 of the 116 counted rules. A validity period is recorded for 101, but 30 of those are Minnesota's state default rather than the county's own text (WaterListed census of official rules, checked November 9 and 13, 2026). Inspection prices are covered in our separate septic inspection cost guide, which uses published county and state fees only.
How long a septic inspection report stays valid
Validity is set rule by rule.
- Arizona: the inspection must fall within the six months before the transfer.
- Iowa: 2 years, "for any ownership transfers during that period."
- Massachusetts: 2 years before the sale; 3 years if the system has been pumped every year and the records go with the report. A single inspection covers every sale in the 2-year period.
- Delaware: an inspection plus pump-out within the previous 36 months is accepted, unless the system is a cesspool or seepage pit; a certificate of completion for a new system counts for 24 months; proof of a licensed operator or a service contract with a certified service provider also meets the requirement.
- New Mexico: a final inspection or transfer evaluation within 180 days of the transfer.
- Maine (shoreland): a seller's certified inspection within 3 years.
- New Hampshire (waterfront): a seller's evaluation completed within 180 days of transfer; the state may grant an extension of up to 180 days when circumstances beyond the buyer's control get in the way.
- Local examples: Macomb County, Michigan, one year from the evaluation; Pueblo County, Colorado, an Acceptance Document for 12 months or until the title transfers, whichever comes first.
Worked example. A seller had the system inspected in March 2025 for a sale that fell through, and a new buyer wants to close in December 2026, about 21 months later. In Iowa and Massachusetts that report is still inside the 2-year window. In Delaware it is inside 36 months, if the pump-out records are there. In New Mexico it is far past 180 days, so a new evaluation is needed, and the same goes for a New Hampshire waterfront property. In Macomb or Pueblo County it has expired. Same report, different answers, which is why the date on the report matters as much as its result.
When the system fails: repair deadlines, escrow and waivers
In most of the rules we read, a failed inspection does not by itself stop the sale. What the rules do is set who must fix it and by when, and some make money sit in escrow until the work is done.
| Where | What the rule says happens |
|---|---|
| Massachusetts | Some components (a metal or cracked tank, a broken pipe, an uneven distribution box, a malfunctioning pump chamber) can get a conditional pass and be repaired. Soil absorption systems and cesspools cannot. A failed system must be upgraded within 2 years unless the board of health or MassDEP sets another schedule, even if the owner decides not to sell. |
| Iowa | A system that is failing or not working properly must be renovated to current construction standards by the seller or, by agreement and within a reasonable time set by the county board of health or DNR, by the buyer. A system that treats wastewater properly does not have to meet current standards. |
| New Mexico | A permit or variance application to correct deficiencies is due within 15 days of the evaluation. If a property is sold before a failed system is fixed, "the transferee becomes responsible." |
| New Hampshire (waterfront) | Findings "shall not prohibit the sale" but are disclosed to the buyer. If the system is failing, the evaluator notifies the state and the local health officer, and the buyer must replace it within 180 days of the transfer. |
| Maine (shoreland) | A malfunctioning system must be repaired or replaced within one year after the transfer. |
| Rhode Island | A cesspool must be replaced, or the house connected to sewer, within 12 months of the sale. |
| Washington (from 2027) | The local health officer may require a compliance schedule for repairing a failure found in the transfer inspection. |
| Macomb County, MI | A failed evaluation does not hold up the sale: a corrective action plan can be filed and money put into escrow, with repairs due within 180 days after the department approves the plan. |
| Pueblo County, CO | If closing comes before repairs, a waiver signed by buyer and seller lets the buyer take on the repairs "typically 30-60 days after closing." An inspection is still required. |
A failing system is also a well problem. Penn State Extension notes that failing systems "can also be a pollution source for private water systems." If the house has a well, a bacteria and nitrate test is worth adding to the same transaction; our guide to septic systems and well water explains how contamination travels and our setback distances guide gives each state's minimum distances.
FHA, VA and USDA loans: does the lender require a septic inspection?
Not automatically, for FHA and VA. USDA is different. This is what each agency's current document says, as we read it on November 9, 2026. Lenders can add their own conditions, so ask yours.
| Program | What the document says | When an inspection comes in |
|---|---|---|
| FHA (HUD Handbook 4000.1, last revised August 12, 2026) | The lender must confirm connection to public or community sewer "whenever feasible and available at a reasonable cost." Otherwise an existing onsite system is acceptable "provided they are functioning properly and meet the requirements of the local health department." If the system is not sufficient and no sewer is available, the property is rejected unless the system is repaired or replaced. | The appraiser "must visually observe" the system and its surroundings and "must require an inspection to ensure that the system is in proper working order if there are readily observable signs of system failure." |
| VA (Pamphlet 26-7, Chapter 12, Topic 17; article updated August 12, 2026) | The system "must adequately dispose of all domestic wastes in a sanitary manner which will not create a nuisance, or in any way endanger the public health." Connection is required if public sewer is available and the local authority mandates it. | Health authority approval of the system is required on proposed construction, where "the appraiser notes a problem," or "if the area is known to have soil percolation problems." |
| USDA guaranteed loans (HB-1-3555, Chapter 12, section 12.6, revised May 5, 2025) | "The lender is required to obtain a septic evaluation." The system "must be free of observable evidence of failure" and must meet state or local health authority requirements. | The evaluation may be done by a qualified appraiser certifying the property meets HUD's handbook, a government health authority, a licensed septic professional or a qualified home inspector. An existing home that a qualified appraiser says meets the HUD policy "does not require further septic certification." |
An appraiser's visual check is not a septic inspection, and lender rules sit on top of local law: an FHA loan in Massachusetts still needs the Title 5 inspection. The well-water side of these programs (who may collect the sample, how old a test may be, distance tables) is in our separate guide to well water tests for FHA, VA and USDA loans, and our well and septic inspection guide covers the well hardware.
Exemptions people miss
Exemptions differ by state. Iowa's statute exempts, among others, foreclosures and court-ordered transfers, transfers to a spouse or a lineal relative, a buyer who will demolish the building and a system installed no more than two years earlier. Massachusetts exempts residential transfers between spouses, parents and children and full siblings, refinancing, and changes of ownership "where NO NEW parties are introduced." Macomb County exempts refinancing and the first three years of original occupancy. Check your state or county page before assuming either way.
Before you list or make an offer
- Find the rule first: state, then county; if neither has one, ask the county health department about town ordinances.
- Check the date on any existing report against the validity window that applies to you.
- Book early, and avoid deep winter: weather clauses shift the inspection, and sometimes the obligation, to after closing.
- Don't pump right before the inspection unless the inspector asks (see Macomb County and Penn State above).
- Use an inspector the rule recognizes: most state and county pages link the official list, and in Massachusetts and Iowa an inspection by anyone else doesn't count.
- Read the failure clause and settle, in the contract, who pays if the system fails.
- If there is a well, test it in the same window. Our test picker shows what to order.
Rules change: Washington's statewide rule starts on February 1, 2027. Every rule page shows the date we last read the official text; the ordinance and the health department have the final word.
Questions people ask
What does a septic inspection entail?
How long does a septic inspection take?
Do I need a septic inspection to sell my house?
Does FHA require a septic inspection?
Is a septic inspection required for a VA loan?
How long is a septic inspection report good for?
What happens if the septic system fails the inspection?
- U.S. EPA, How Septic Systems Work (last updated June 10, 2026) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- U.S. EPA, About Septic Systems (last updated July 7, 2026) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- U.S. EPA, How to Care for Your Septic System (last updated August 17, 2026) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Penn State Extension, On-Lot Septic System Inspections During Real Estate Transactions (updated March 11, 2026) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Iowa Legislature, Iowa Code 2026, section 455B.172, subsection 11 (time-of-transfer inspections) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Time of Transfer (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Buying or Selling Property with a Septic System (Title 5, 310 CMR 15.300-15.305; read from the Internet Archive capture of January 6, 2026, as mass.gov blocks direct access) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Delaware DNREC, 7 Del. Admin. Code 7101, Regulations Governing the Design, Installation and Operation of On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems, section 3.31.12-3.31.13 (as published 17 DE Reg. 752, January 1, 2014) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, 20.7.3 NMAC Liquid Waste Disposal and Treatment, sections 20.7.3.902 and 20.7.3.904 (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Washington State Legislature, WAC 246-272A-0270 Operation and maintenance, owner responsibilities, subsection (1)(k) (WSR 24-06-046, effective 4/1/25) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Washington State Legislature, WAC 246-272A-0260 Inspection and reporting requirements, subsection (5) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Maine Revised Statutes, Title 30-A, section 4216, Transfers of shoreland property (data extracted 10/05/2026) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- New Hampshire RSA 485-A:39, Waterfront Property Transfer; Septic System Evaluation Required (as amended 2024, 107:3, eff. Sept. 1, 2024; read from the Internet Archive capture of January 7, 2026, as gc.nh.gov blocks direct access) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Rhode Island General Laws 23-19.15-12, Cesspool removal and replacement requirements at property transfer (read from the Internet Archive capture of September 23, 2026) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Wisconsin Legislature, Wis. Stat. 706.22, Prohibition on imposing time-of-sale, purchase, or occupancy requirements (read from the Internet Archive capture of October 30, 2026, as the live site refused our connection) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Florida Legislature, The 2026 Florida Statutes, section 381.0065(4)(x) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, 2025 Subsurface Sewage Treatment Systems Annual Report (April 2026), 'Compliance inspections for property transfers', p. 19 (official PDF, opened 2026-11-09) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Handbook 4000.1, FHA Single Family Housing Policy Handbook (pages 'Last Revised: 8/12/2026'), II.A.3 (P) Sewage System and II.D Onsite Sewage Disposal Systems (read from the Internet Archive capture of October 11, 2026, as hud.gov blocks direct access) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Pamphlet VAP26-7 Chapter 12, Minimum Property Requirement Overview, Effective after May 1, 2026 (KnowVA, updated Aug 12, 2026), Topics 15 and 17 (accessed 2026-11-09)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Housing Service, HB-1-3555 SFH Guaranteed Loan Program Technical Handbook, Chapter 12, section 12.6 Water and Wastewater Disposal Systems, pages 12-14 and 12-18 'Revised (05-05-25) PN 640' (read from the Internet Archive capture of July 13, 2026, as usda.gov blocks direct access) (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Macomb County (Michigan) Health Department, Property transfers (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Pueblo County (Colorado) Department of Public Health and Environment, Selling Your House (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Town of Conway, Massachusetts, Title 5 Septic Inspections (accessed 2026-11-09)
- Arizona Administrative Code, R18-9-A316, Transfer of Ownership Inspection for On-site Wastewater Treatment Facilities (18 A.A.C. 9, Supp. 25-2; Internet Archive copy of the Secretary of State's PDF, captured 2025-11-07) (accessed 2026-11-13)